Our interest in the measurement of air and water flow is timeless. Knowledge of the direction and velocity of air flow was essential information for all ancient navigators, and the ability to measure water flow was necessary for the fair distribution of water through the aqueducts of such early communities as the Sumerian cities of Ur, Kish, and Mari near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around 5,000 . Even today, the distribution of water among the rice patties of Bali is the sacred duty of authorities designated the ÒWater . | TABLE OF CONTENTS IRANSACriONS IN MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL VOLUME 4 FLOW LEVEL MEASUREMENT Section Topics Covered Page A Flow Measurement Orientation The Flow Pioneers Flow Sensor Selection Accuracy vs. Repeatability Differential Pressure Flowmeters Primary Element Options Pitot Tubes Variable Area Flowmeters Wedge Flow Element A Segmental Wedge H L B V-Cone Figure 2-8 Proprietary Elements For Difficult Fluids Mechanical Flowmeters Positive Displacement Flowmeters Turbine Flowmeters Other Rotary Flowmeters 1s1 Detector Flow Tube 2nd Detector Calibrated Volume tn Electronic Flowmeters Magnetic Flowmeters Vortex Flowmeters Ultrasonic Flowmeters Mass Flowmeters Coriolis Mass Flowmeters Thermal Mass Flowmeters Hot-Wire Anemometers Flow Directed Arrow Pipj flciwtubj Junction Mass FlOTtute Enclosure note Ekonte Between Ppe lowtute Jjncttn a SjB r X UittNM Support T Plcal Mass Tube Enclosure Flow I-------------1 1-----1 Director ntzlf IlCTE Jstnice Between Upernowtube Junctor and Supccrt Must Ms Exceed 6 uncSec U Rest V Rest V Bolt n-erted Pipe V Block Clarp Clump HangerCl p Can Be In-ertedi Om s Volume 4 TRANSACTIONS REFERENCE SECTIONS Editorial 06 106 Information Resources About OMEGA 07 110 Glossary VOLUME 4 FLOW LEVEL MEASUREMENT Section A Level Measurement Orientation J Pressure Density Level Instrumentation J RF Capacitance Level Instrumentation 3 Radiation-Based Level Instrumentation Topics Covered Level Sensor Selection Boiling Cryogenic Fluids Sludge Foam Molten Metals Dry Wet Leg Designs Bubbler Tubes Floats Displacers Theory of Operation Probe Designs Installation Considerations Page 72 76 9J hJ Specialty Level Switches Thermal Switches Vibrating Switches Optical Switches 102 TRANSACTIONS Volume 4 1 E FLOW LEVEL MEASUREMENT l A Flow Measurement Orientation The Flow Pioneers Flow Sensor Selection Accuracy vs. Repeatability A Flow Measurement Orientation Dur interest in the measurement of air and water flow is timeless. Knowledge of the direction and velocity of .
