In the Netherlands, youths of Moroccan origin account for a disproportionately large percentage of the population in juvenile justice institutions. Previous research showed that Moroccan adolescents in pre-trial arrest are characterized by less serious offending behavior (., primarily property-based) and lower levels of mental health problems than native Dutch adolescents in pre-trial arrest. | Ethnic differences in the mother-son relationship of incarcerated and non-incarcerated male adolescents in the Netherlands