Chronic inflammation and repeated infection with Opisthorchis viverrini (O. viverrini) induces intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are substances in the immune system that promote inflammation and causes disease to progress. | Opisthorchiasis with proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α polymorphisms influence risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand A nested case-control study