A long-term field experiment was conducted to design and implement alternative production systems with increased resource use efficiency, productivity and to determine the effect of tillage systems and mineral fertilizers on soil organic carbon patterns. This experiment intended to evaluate the effects of these management strategies on soil structural formation and structural stabilization of a sandy loam soil. The shift from puddled - transplanted rice on the flat land to raised bed systems affects the productivity and resource use efficiency of the rice-wheat system. Therefore, the potential benefits and constraints of tillage crop residue practices need to be quantified on short to long-term basis, optimum layouts and management systems to maximize yield and efficiency. | Carbon nitrogen dynamics and soil organic carbon retention potential after 18 years by different land uses and nitrogen management in RWCS under typic ustochrept soil
