Protein structure can be described by backbone torsion angles: rotational angles about the N-Cα bond (φ) and the Cα-C bond (ψ) or the angle between Cαi-1-Cαi -Cαi+1 (θ) and the rotational angle about the Cαi -Cαi+1 bond (τ). Thus, their accurate prediction is useful for structure prediction and model refinement. |