Nhằm giúp các bạn có tài liệu ôn tập những kiến thức cơ bản, kỹ năng giải các bài tập nhanh nhất và chuẩn bị cho kì thi sắp tới được tốt hơn. Hãy tham khảo IELTS Academic Reading Sample 130 - 100 Years of the Western Workplace để có thêm tài liệu ôn tập. | 100 Years of the Western Workplace A Conditions in the working environment of Western countries changed significantly over the 20th century. Though not without some associated problems these changes may be viewed generally as positive child labour all but ceased wages rose the number of working hours in a week decreased pension policies became standard fringe benefits multiplied and concerns over health and safety issues were enforced. B The collection of data relating to work conditions also became a far more exact science. In particular there were important developments in methodology and data gathering. Additionally there was a major expansion of the data collection effort more people became involved in learning about the workplace and for the first time results started to be published. This being the case at the end of the century not only were most workers better off than their early 20th century predecessors had been but they were also in a position to understand how and why this was the case. By carefully analyzing the statistical data made available specific changes in the workplace - not least regarding the concept of what quot work quot should involve - became clearly discernible. C The most obvious changes to the workplace involved the size and composition of the countries workforces. Registering only 24 million in 1900 and including labourers of age ten and up and 139 million aged 16 and older the size of America s workforce for instance increased by almost six fold in line with its overall population growth. At the same time the composition of the workforce shifted from industries dominated by primary production occupations such as farmers and foresters to those dominated by professional technical and in particular service workers. At the beginning of the 20th century 38 of all American workers were employed on farms by the end of the same century that figure had fallen to less than 3 . D In Europe much the same process occurred. In the 1930 s in .
