This study’s ARDL model captured a long-run and short-run relation of the whole cointegrated variables in ASEAN countries. Based on a panel of cross-country and time-series observations, the study analyses that the ARDL model was used to cover a model of short-and long-run implications. Based on the result, we identified the root cause of significantly increasing CO2 emission in the past 36 years. This study’s result was that a positive long-run relationship interacted with a mostly negative short-run relationship between the energy intensity’ EI-effect,’ gross domestic effect’ GDP-effect,’ population effect’ POP-effect “and CO2 emission effect‘ CO2-effect.” |
