The ingestion of the fungicide in the larval stage can impair the bee development and the health and performance of the colony. In this perspective, studies that consider the effects of fungicides in the different stages of bee development are crucial for a better interpretation of the risks of exposure. | Environmental Advances 4 2021 100069 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environmental Advances journal homepage locate envadv Effects of larval exposure to the fungicide pyraclostrobin on the post-embryonic development of Africanized Apis mellifera workers Caio Eduardo da Costa Domingues a Rafaela Tadei b Lais Vieira Bello Inoue a Elaine Cristina Mathias da Silva-Zacarin b Osmar Malaspina a a Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP - Júlio de Mesquita Filho Instituto de Biociências IB Departamento de Biologia Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais CEIS Rio Claro SP Brazil b Universidade Federal de São Carlos UFSCar Departamento de Biologia DBio Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia e Análise de Integridade Ambiental LEIA Sorocaba SP Brazil a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords Among the more than twenty thousand bee species currently described Apis mellifera stands out for its high Africanized bee economic relevance due to crop pollination. In recent decades many studies have registered a decline in bee Late effects populations associating multiple factors including pesticides. These molecules can arrive through residues present Intestine in the nectar and pollen which can be ingested by the larvae. However studies that contemplate the effects of Peritrophic matrix fungicides on larvae and adults are rare. Thus the objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of the exposure Cell death to pyraclostrobin in the larval phase and verify the late effects in newly emerged bees. The larvae were subjected to repeated exposure third to the sixth day of the bioassay . The concentrations of pyraclostrobin consumption were ng larva PT1 ng larva PT2 and ng larva PT3 both based on residues found in the field like as pollen and bee bread. The effects on larval mortality pupation emergence and survival rates and median lethal time of newly emerged worker bees were evaluated. We also evaluated cell death and chitin marking of the peritrophic .
