Trong cả thiết kế và xây dựng, rất nhiều nhiệm vụ hoạt động phải được thực hiện với một loạt các ưu tiên và mối quan hệ khác giữa các nhiệm vụ khác nhau. | 3. The Design and Construction Process Design and Construction as an Integrated System In the planning of facilities it is important to recognize the close relationship between design and construction. These processes can best be viewed as an integrated system. Broadly speaking design is a process of creating the description of a new facility usually represented by detailed plans and specifications construction planning is a process of identifying activities and resources required to make the design a physical reality. Hence construction is the implementation of a design envisioned by architects and engineers. In both design and construction numerous operational tasks must be performed with a variety of precedence and other relationships among the different tasks. Several characteristics are unique to the planning of constructed facilities and should be kept in mind even at the very early stage of the project life cycle. These include the following Nearly every facility is custom designed and constructed and often requires a long time to complete. Both the design and construction of a facility must satisfy the conditions peculiar to a specific site. Because each project is site specific its execution is influenced by natural social and other locational conditions such as weather labor supply local building codes etc. Since the service life of a facility is long the anticipation of future requirements is inherently difficult. Because of technological complexity and market demands changes of design plans during construction are not uncommon. In an integrated system the planning for both design and construction can proceed almost simultaneously examining various alternatives which are desirable from both viewpoints and thus eliminating the necessity of extensive revisions under the guise of value engineering. Furthermore the review of designs with regard to their constructibility can be carried out as the project progresses from planning to design. For example if
