Metal-oxide nanoparticles have reached a wide range of applications in the last ten years. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles stand out with their unique crystal structure and near-perfect physical and chemical properties at nanoscales (crystal size between 10–100 nm). It has created many applications with its white pigment, semiconductor state, and effective photocatalytic properties, but the synthesis of these nanoparticles is very damaging to nature. |