Tham khảo tài liệu 'teaching academic esl writing part 30', ngoại ngữ, toefl - ielts - toeic phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | This page intentionally left blank TLFeBOOK 11 Rhetorical Features of Text Cohesion and Coherence OVERVIEW Cohesive ties and lexical substitution Teaching lexical and semantic cohesion Expanding the range lexical synonyms near synonyms and general words Phrase-level conjunctions Following the laws of parallel structure Sentence transitions and idea connectors Complex prepositions Clarifying and giving examples Structures not to use or to use sparingly Punctuation This chapter addresses a number of rhetorical features of L2 academic writing largely focusing on those that specifically require additional attention in L2 writing instruction. In particular various studies have noted that in academic writing cohesion represents an important characteristic of text and discourse flow and that for L2 learners constructing cohesive texts requires focused instruction and additional attention Byrd Reid 1998 Carrell 1982 Hinkel 2001a 2002a Ostler 1987 Reid 1993 . In general terms cohesion refers to the connectivity of ideas in discourse and sentences to one another in text thus creating the flow of information in a unified way. In addition in textbooks on writing and composition cohesion can also refer to the ways of connecting sentences and paragraphs into a unified whole. Although the terms cohesion and coherence are often used together they do not refer to the same properties of text and discourse. Cohesion usually refers to connections between sentences and paragraphs 279 TLFeBOOK 280 CHAPTER 11 and coherence can also refer to the organization of discourse with all elements present and fitting together logically. For example the presence of an introduction a thesis statement rhetorical support and a conclusion can create a coherent essay that is not necessarily cohesive Carrell 1982 Chafe 1994 Scollon Scollon 2001 . Since the 1970s a great deal of research has been carried out into the effects of features of text on discourse. Many studies have determined what syntactic and
