Ox (domestic cattle) characteristics: Unbranched, permanent horn has bony core covered with hard sheath, present usually in both male and female. Horns often cut off by owner ("polled"). No front teeth (incisors) in upper jaw; lower incisors press against toughened skin of palate. Ulna complete, but thin and fused to thicker radius. Only the upper and lower ends of the fibula are present, connected by a fibrous cord that replaces the shaft. The lower end is attached to the underside of the outer portion of the tibia. Four digits with hoofs per limb. Two central toes are large and. | 122 OX ANATOMY ANATOMICAL DRAWINGS AFTER ELLENBERGER POPESCO ASHDOWN Ox domestic cattle characteristics Unbranched permanent horn has bony core covered with hard sheath present usually in both male and female. Horns often cut off by owner polled . No front teeth incisors in upper jaw lower incisors press against toughened skin of palate. Ulna complete but thin and fused to thicker radius. Only the upper and lower ends of the fibula are present connected by a fibrous cord that replaces the shaft. The lower end is attached to the underside of the outer portion of the tibia. Four digits with hoofs per limb. Two central toes are large and weight bearing vestigial inner and outer toes with hoofs are very small and located higher on side of foot and to the rear they do not articulate with the skeleton and do not touch the ground . Walks on toes. Long horizontal back line. Males tend to be bulky and muscular whereas females are more angular muscles less developed with numerous prominent bony landmarks showing. AbDIL Abductor digit I longus Adduc Adductor AT Achilles tendon Bicep Biceps brachii Brach Brachialis Brcph Brachiocephalicus Bucc Buccinator Canin Caninus Clmas Cleidomastoid ClOcc Cleido-occipitalis Coccy Coccygeus DelAc Deltoid acromial portion DelSc Deltoid scapular portion DLaMn Depressor labii mandibularis DLaMx Depressor labii maxillaris ECR Extensor carpi radialis EDBr Extensor digitorum brevis EDC Extensor digitorum communis EDLat Extensor digitorum lateralis EDLon Extensor digitorum longus ExAbO External abdominal oblique FCR Flexor carpi radialis FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris FDP Flexor digitorum profundus FDS Flexor digitorum superficialis Front Frontalis GasLa Gastrocnemius lateral head GasMe Gastrocnemius medial head Glubi Gluteobiceps GluMe Gluteus medius Iliac lliacus llioc lliocostalis InAbO Internal abdominal oblique Infra infraspinatus LatDo Latissimus dorsi LatNa Lateralis nasi LeNas Levator nasolabialis LLaMx Levator labii maxillaris LonAt .
