Tài liệu tham khảo bằng tiếng Anh về nghệ thiật hội họa - Figure Drawing Without A Model - The figure in Action | FIGURE DRAWING WITHOUT A MODEL CHAPTER 4 THE FIGURE IN ACTION The human body is perhaps the most versatile living structure in nature. Homo sapiens is alone among mammals in having adopted a fully upright posture as its customary stance and has evolved a number of unique physical characteristics as a result. The head chest and vital organs are supported on a vertical spine not hung below a horizontal one. As the front limbs no longer perform a supporting function the shoulders have evolved to become wider apart thus offering Man a far greater range of movement of the arms than is possible for the forelegs of say a horse or a cow. The suppleness of the spine makes twisting and bending motions possible. The broadened pelvis and modified 62 I hip-joint expand the range of uses to which the legs and feet can be applied in such activities as kicking and swimming indeed the spine and joints of some individuals - double-jointed people -are so flexible that their bodies can be contorted into almost any conceivable position with the limbs held at almost any angle relative to one another. But the tremendous versatility of the human body while offering artists infinite possibilities in terms of stance and action postures also presents us with a number of specific difficulties not least of which is balance. 63 FIGURE DRAWING WITHOUT A MODEL NO BACKWARD ARTICULATION HERE SACRO6PINAUS UGAMEN Gluteus MAXIMUS LIGAMENT NO FORWARD ARTICULATION HERE Upright posture is maintained by the sacrospinalis muscles in the back which bind the spine tightly to the pelvis and hold the torso erect and by the gluteus maximus muscle of the buttock which holds the trunk upright on the legs. As we noted in Chapter 2 strong ligaments at the front of the groin prevent backward articulation of the thigh while others at the back of the knee prevent forward articulation of the knee joint. In a normal standing posture the hip is slightly forward of the body s centre of gravity and the knee is slightly .
