Tham khảo tài liệu 'academic writing a handbook for international students part 12', ngoại ngữ, kỹ năng viết tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 100 Elements of Writing Verbs of Reference b Quotation of a writer s words. Orwell clearly highlighted this Inconsistency in Dickens It is not merely a coincidence that Dickens never writes about agriculture and writes endlessly about food. He was a Cockney and London is the centre of the earth in rather the same sense that the belly is the centre of the body. Orwell 1940 pp. 53-4 c Mixture of summary and quotation. As Orwell 1940 noted Dickens frequently described food but was uninterested in food production. He considered that this was because of the writer s background He was a Cockney and London is the centre of the earth. pp. 53-4 5. Read the following extract from the same essay Charles Dickens in Inside the Whale Orwell G. 1940 pp. 54-5 What he does not noticeably write about however is work. In Dickens novels anything in the nature of work happens off-stage. The only one of his heroes who has a plausible profession is David Copperfield who is first a shorthand writer and then a novelist like Dickens himself. With most of the others the way they earn their living is very much in the background. a Write a summary of the author s ideas including a suitable reference. b Introduce a quotation of the key part of the extract again referring to the source. c Combine a and b again acknowledging the source. 6. Referring verbs use both the present and the past tenses. It is probably best to use the present tense for recent sources or when you feel that the idea or data is still valid Rathbone 1997 demonstrates the limitations of videoconferencing. The past tense suggests that the source is older and the ideas perhaps out of date Steinbeck 1965 explored a link between cancer and diet. 7. There are three main systems of reference in use in academic writing a The system illustrated above the Harvard is the most common. Note the following Hunter 1989 states. date of publication in brackets when referring verb is used References and Quotations 101 Women pose less
