Mạng băng thông hạn chế và hiệu quả Chương này lo ngại khó khăn, công nghệ, theo đó mạng lưới hoạt động. Chỉ cần như là một cơ sở sản xuất hàng hoá sản xuất bởi các yếu tố đầu vào tiêu thụ, do đó, một mạng lưới giao thông cung cấp dịch vụ truyền thông bằng cách tiêu thụ các yếu tố như lao động và các dịch vụ kết nối, và bằng cách cho thuê thiết bị và dịch vụ truyền thông đơn giản. Chúng tôi muốn nhấn mạnh tầm quan trọng của thời khắc phục vụ dự. Trong. | Pricing Communication Networks Economics Technology and Modelling. Costas Courcoubetis and Richard Weber Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-470-85130-9 4 Network Constraints and Effective Bandwidths This chapter concerns the technological constraints under which networks operate. Just as a manufacturing facility produces goods by consuming input factors so a communication network provides communications services by consuming factors such as labour and interconnection services and by leasing equipment and simpler communications services. We wish to emphasize the importance of timescales in service provisioning. In the short run a network s size and capabilities for service provisioning are fixed. In the long run the network can adapt its resources to the amounts of services it wishes to provide. For example it might purchase and install more optical fibre links. The cost models of Chapter 7 use incremental cost to evaluate the costs of services and are based upon a consideration of network operation over long timescales. Innovations such as electronic markets for bandwidth using auctions are beginning to permit some short run changes in service provisioning through the buying and selling of resources. However on short timescales of weeks or months both the size of the network and its costs of operation must usually be taken as fixed. On short timescales communications services resemble traditional digital goods in that they have nearly zero marginal cost but a very large common fixed cost. Prices can be used as a control to constrain the demand within the production capability of the network that is within the so-called technology set. If one does this then the consumer demand and structure of the technology set determine prices. In this chapter we provide tools that are useful in describing the technology sets of networks that offer the services and service contracts described in Chapter 2. The exact specification of such a technology set is usually not .
