Constituent Structure - Part 27 .Cuốn sách này khám phá những khía cạnh thực nghiệm và lý thuyết của cơ cấu thành phần trong cú pháp ngôn ngữ tự nhiên. Nó mô tả các bài kiểm tra truyền thống cho bầu cử và các phương tiện chính thức đại diện cho họ trong cấu trúc ngữ pháp cụm từ, cụm từ ngữ pháp cơ cấu mở rộng, lý thuyết, và thiết lập cấu trúc lý thuyết cụm từ. | 240 CONTROVERSIES h if Mike had have played then. If Mike would have played. i Mike had been beaten. j Mike had been playing bridge. k Mike must have played bridge. The origins of the little v approach lie in the proper treatment of double-object constructions like 33a . X-bar theory allows only one complement position in the tree so the two obligatory complement NPs in 33a are mysterious. 33 a John gave Mary a book. b John gave a book to Mary. Further Barss and Lasnik 1986 show that in goal-theme orders 33a goals c-command themes 34a a and in theme-goal orders 33b themes c-command goals 33b b 34 a Mary showed John himself in the mirror . a Mary showed himself John in the mirror . b Mary showed John to himself. b Mary showed himself to John. This means that the leftmost argument is higher in the tree than the one on the right. Larson 1988 argues that a split-VP approach solves this problem. There are two verbs give one with two NPs and the other with an NP and a PP. With the addition of the vP to host the agent we have a place for both the theme and the goal such that the first c-commands the second. Surface order is derived by movement of the V into the v. PHRASAL CATEGORIES AND CARTOGRAPHY 241 35 a vP NPiCey V PPgoal Having a split-VP structure then accounts for a wide variety of data while capturing both the locality of the VPISH and the distance of the traditional VP. Other little v-like categories have been proposed in the literature including ApplP which is tied to applicative constructions McGinnis 2001 Pylkkanen 2001 2002 . See also Harley and Noyer 1998 for a discussion of the role of little v in nominalizations. There is one further aspect of the split VP that remains to be mentioned. Travis forthcoming 26 argues using morphological evidence from a variety of Austronesian languages and syntactic evidence from languages with object shift that there is a functional category that lies between the vP and VP which represents situation aspect roughly aktionsart
