The 80x86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers- P17: Praised by experts for its clarity and topical breadth, this visually appealing, one-stop source on PCs uses an easy-to-understand, step-by-step approach to teaching the fundamentals of 80x86 assembly language programming and PC architecture. Offering users a fun, hands-on learning experience, it uses the Debug utility to show what action the instruction performs, then provides a sample program to show its application. | Evolution of IC technology in Intel s 80x86 microprocessors Since 1971 when Intel introduced the first microprocessor the 4004 until the introduction of the Pentium microprocessor IC technology has gone through some massive changes. The early processors 4004 and 8008 used PMOS. The 8080 8085 8088 8086 and 80286 all used NMOS when first introduced. In recent years CMOS versions of the 8088 8086 and 286 have been introduced for power-efficient systems. Currently CMOS is the universal technology in the design of microprocessors. Only CMOS could allow designers to put over 3 million transistors on a single chip make it work at 100 MHz and consume around 10 watts of power. There has been a steady decline in the transistor s dimension throughout the 1970s 1980s and 1990s. The design rule the thickness of the lines inside the IC has come down from a few microns to a fraction of amicron during this time. See Table 26-5. The early microprocessors used power supplies with negative - and positive voltages. For example the 4004 used -10 and 5 V. The 8008 used -9 and 5 V and the 8080 used -5 5 12 V. Since the introduction of the 8085 the use of a 5 V power supply has become standard in all microprocessors. To reduce power consumption Vcc is being embraced by many designers. The lowering of Vcc to V has two major advantages 1 it lowers the power consumption resulting in prolonging the life of the battery in systems such as a laptop PC or hand-held personal digital assistant and 2 it allows a further reduction of line size design rule to submicron dimensions. This reduction results in putting more transistors in a given die size. The decline in the line size is expected to reach pm by the year 2000 and transistor density per chip will reach 100 million transistors. Table 26-5 Intel Microprocessor Evolution 1 Microprocessor Year IC Tech Line Thickness pm Power Supply V Number of Transistors 8086 1978 NMOS 5 29 000 80286 1982 NMOS . 13 5 130 000 80386 L . 1985 CMOS
