We all use grammar from the time that we can speak in intelligible sentences, because grammar deals with 'the abstract system of rules in terms of which a person's mastery of his native language can be explained. | MORE PUNCTUATION 137 Dashes These are generally less formal than other kinds of punctuation and more conversational. Lynne Truss suggests that they are more friendly as though they are welcoming the extra thought inside as opposed to brackets which imply intrusion. Dashes are used singly as a comment added to the end of a sentence or double for one included within. For example On went the pilgrims through the years - some on foot and some on horseback. They went overseas - to Mexico we think - and were never heard of again. One dash can lead to a dramatic effect. For example Something floated past the dinghy - it was a human hand Ellipsis Definition The word is via Latin from the Greek ellipsis meaning coming short - hence an omission and it is indicated by three dots . The omissions are mainly for two purposes. Leaving out something not relevant to the rest of the statement often in a quotation. For example In Africa while staying near the swamp we contracted malaria. In Africa . we contracted malaria. For dramatic effect. For example The glass shattered on the floor and a form appeared in the window . It s . It s . a she whispered. 138 GRAMMAR FOR EVERYONE Activities punctuation A 1. The best way to learn about the use of punctuation is by reading good literature of various kinds. Students need to read aloud to appreciate fully what the punctuation is telling them. This can be done in turns around the class or by reading parts in plays and should be accepted as a regular classroom activity. In this way students become familiar with punctuation use and appreciate its functions. Choose passages from set texts selected drama political speeches or Shakespeare s plays. Allow students sometimes to choose texts themselves. 2. Students write a paragraph on a subject of their choice in which they demonstrate the use of one or more given punctuation mark. 3. Students are given sentences to punctuate either with specified marks or with those they themselves .
