The other three question types found in the TOEFL® iBT are not multiple-choice and are types not found on older versions of the TOEFL®. One is a sentence insertion activity, and the last question can be one of two types of activities: either a summary question or a table/chart question. | f Chapter 7 105 Psychology Read the following passage. Then fill in the diagram with the information that you read. It is often used as a striking image for the importance of early childhood experience newly hatched ducks and geese follow the first moving object they see and treat it as their mother. This is a phenomenon known as imprinting. This special form of learning explored by Konrad Lorenz in 1935 has drawn continuous interest by researchers in animal behavior and hurhan psychology. This is because it stands somewhere between innate and learned behavior. The imprinting theory of learning states that animals have an innate tendency to respond to certain external stimuli creating behavior that is important to the survival of the individual and the species. Lorenz was not the first to describe or name the behavior known as imprinting. However he went further than previous researchers by laying out its defining characteristics and generating interest in further study. Lorenz raised half a set of goose eggs in an incubator and left the other half with their mother. When the incubated eggs hatched the goslings followed Lorenz as if he were their mother while failing to recognize their real mother. As adults they preferred the company of humans to geese and would not mate with their own species. Lorenz suggested that imprinting differs from other types of learning in two important ways it takes place during a critical period-a window of time in which the learning can occur and is irreversible once it has happened. He also proposed that its effects continue in adulthood leading to the choice of a mate from the same species as the mother. Later research has expanded on and modified Lorenz s findings. Imprinting is now known to affect not only birds but other species including mammals and even fish. It turns out that salmon learn how to return to their home stream to lay eggs after spending their lives at sea by imprinting on the stream s unique smell. Imprinting was
