You must read through or scroll to the end of each passage before receiving questions on that passage. Once the questions appear, the passage appears on the right side of the computer screen. The questions are on the left, (See the illustra¬tion that follows. | TOEFL iBT Reading Example PASSAGE EXCERPT . . . Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them clay glass wood fiber and metal it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function which led to their being known as the applied arts. Approaching crafts from the point of view of function we can divide them into simple categories containers shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers shelters and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained supported and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application regardless of cultural beliefs geography or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics not some arbitrary decision have determined the general form of applied-art objects they follow basic patterns so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs for example are unusual because they depart from the norm. However not all functional objects are exactly alike that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object s primary function . . . Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. O Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics. O The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics. O Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form. O The
