Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar book teacher course part 62', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 42b The Grammar Book A final learning challenge involves the conditions governing optional or obligatory separation of the verb and the particle for phrasal verbs used transitively. a. Turn out the lights. Separation optional direct object is not a pronoun b. Turn the lights out. c. Turn them out Separation necessary direct object is a pronoun d. Tum out them. While most analyses of phrasal verbs highlight the pronominal status of the direct object to account for the ungrammaticality of d we go beyond this explanation to invoke a pragmatic principle in the use section of this chapter to explain why d is unacceptable. We do this heeding the advice we offered in Chapter 1 to give students reasons not rules. Form of English Phrasal Verbs Syntactic Analysis of Phrasal Verbs As you have just seen a phrasal verb PV is made up of two or more parts that function as a single verb. Phrasal verbs are sometimes called two-word verbs because they usually consist of a verb plus a second word the latter often referred to as an adverb. We will refer to the second part of the phrasal verb as a particle to show its close association with the verb and to distinguish it from prepositions and other adverbs although we acknowledge that as you have just seen with up the same word can fit into more than one category To be able to analyze sentences with phrasal verbs we need to refine our phrase The PV category is then expanded in a new phrase structure rule as a verb and particle Prt PV V Prt The symbols on either side of the particle indicate that although the particle is part of the phrasal verb it need not be contiguous with it. Here is the basic structure of a sentence in which the particle follows the verb directly. Jamie turned out the light. Chapter 22 Phrasal Verbs 427 Now here is a tree where the particle is not contiguous with the verb but rather is separated from it by an intervening direct object. Jamie turned the light out. Syntactic Features of Phrasal Verbs Transitive and .
