Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar book teacher course part 63', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Chapter 22 Phrasal Verbs 455 Iterative use of row with activity verbs to show repetition He did it over and over again until he got it right. Others write. over think over type over Completive uses particles up out off and down to show that the action is complete turns an activity verb into an accomplishment He drank the milk up. Others burn down mix up wear out turn off blow out reinforces the sense of goal orientation in an accomplishment verb He closed the suitcase up. Others wind up fade out cut off clean up adds durativity to a punctual achievement verb He found out why they were missing. Others check over win over catch up In short there is some consistency of meaning for certain particles. Nonetheless wc should also acknowledge that even here ESL EFI. students can have problems. For example bum tqband burn down are not antonyms f phas a positive goal completion meaning versus down or out which have a more negative complete extinction meaning O Dowd personal communication . And even if the aspectual particles signal certain meanings consistently they cannot be assigned freely to any verb. Certain aspectual particles co-occur with certain verbs. Fade out is acceptable but fade up is not Brinton 1988 182 . This brings us to the last category noncompositional or idiomatic phrasal verbs. Idiomatic Phrasal Verbs As we have been saying many phrasal verbs are idiomatic such as chew out lune out catch up pul off It seems difficult if not impossible to figure out the meaning of the verb by combining the separate meanings of its parts. This is not to say that the situation is hopeless however. Stauffer 1996 makes the point that native speakers coin novel phrasal verbs and can understand phiasal verbs that they have never before encountered because they understand the underlying logic of the language. For example earlier we contrasted a phrase with a verb preposition sequence run up the hill with one with a phrasal verb run up the bill. Stauffer demonstrates how in each
