Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar book teacher course part 68', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Chapter 24 Coordinating Conjunction 469 Using Pro-Forms In addition to ellipsis another syntactic option exists for avoiding redundancy. This is the possibility of substituting a pro-form for a redundant constituent In fact pro-forms often occur in tandem with ellipsis. We could for instance say that the operator in the sentence sets we have just considered be it an auxiliary verb the copula be or the do is really a pro-form or substitute for the entire VP. There are some times however that pro-forms are used in compound sentences without ellipsis. This is the case with pronouns and substitute words She has left the country and I have left it too. She believes the reports and I believe them too. She is a citizen and he is one too. and also pro-adverbs He graduated in 95 and she graduated then too. He graduated from Tulane and she graduated from there too. Gapping An additional type of ellipsis called gapping which occurs medially in conjoined structures is worth looking at briefly. Gapping may occur provided the conjoined sentences have a nonidentical subjects and b at least one nonidentical predicate constituent apart from the verb. Here are some examples John trimmed the tree and Mary the hedge. My uncle works in Ann Arbor and my aunt in Detroit. The wind was brisk the sun bright and the ocean calm. Derivation of gapped sentences seems to proceed in much the same way as the derivation of those with deleted VPs output of base John -past trim the tree and Mary -past trim the hedge copy s t John -past 3 sg trim the tree and Mary -past 3 sg trim the hedge gapping John -past 3 sg trim the tree and Mary 0 0 the hedge morphology John trimmed the tree and Mary the hedge. The major difference in the case of gapping is that the deleted part of the sentence lies in the middle rather than at the end of the second clause. Phrasal Versus Sentential Conjunction A question worth addressing at this point is whether all conjunction might be derived from two or more full sentences
