Từ điển thú y vần V | V Vaccination A method of producing active immunity against a specific infection by means of inoculation with a vaccine . a preparation of the necessary antigen s . See IMMUNITY IMMUNISATION IMMUNE RESPONSE VACCINE. Vaccination in mammals is normally carried out by inoculating individual animals. The method of administration depends on the type of vaccine. Most inactivated vaccines are injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously temperature-sensitive live vaccines may be administered as drops into the nasal passages vaccines against husk are given orally. Mass vaccination of poultry against Newcastle disease may be achieved by dispersing aerosols of vaccine over the heads of the birds with fine spray pumps or adding vaccine to the drinking water. Some fish are vaccinated by dipping the fish in a solution of the vaccine. Fox populations in Europe have been vaccinated against rabies by impregnating chicken heads or other baits and spreading them in known fox runs. Multiplecomponent vaccines containing antigens against a number of diseases are available. For example sheep can be simultaneously immunised against pulpy kidney disease lamb dysentery braxy blackleg black disease struck Clostridium oede-matiens infection and tetanus by a single 8-in-1 vaccine. In connection with foot-and-mouth disease see also RING VACCINATION. Vaccine When an animal is inoculated with a vaccine as protection against a specific disease . blackleg this is carried out with the object of stimulating production of antibodies in its system which will confer active immunity against blackleg organisms. Vaccines may be prepared from live microorganisms from inactivated killed microorganisms from genetically engineered subunits of the pathogenic fraction of the organism or from toxoids heat- or chemically-treated micro-organisms that have lost their virulence but retain their antigenicity . ability to create resistance to disease. Live vaccines are vaccines prepared from bacteria or viruses
