Tham khảo tài liệu 'kaplan toefl ibt fourth edition part 9', ngoại ngữ, toefl - ielts - toeic phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 48 I TOEFL er disagreement or debate. All of these details inaccurate psychologists but are part of the pronoun s immediate context and they are important clues to the proper antecedent. Strategy 5 Relate the referent to die broader context. The broader context refers to the actions states actors objects and details places times reasons etc. in the surrounding sentences. Ask yourself What is happening in the sentence before and after the pronoun and Who or what is causing it Determine how the referent affects or is affected by these ideas around it. Tor instance the pronoun this in the sample question comes after a description of the first use of the term n xJ ruge and a quoted definition from the Oxford English dictionary. The pronoun conies before a more Specific explanation of what road rage involves. Therefore the pronoun this which is described as inaccurate comes in between two sentences that try to define and then redefine road rage. Strategy 6 Use cohesive devices to understand the context accurately. Cohesion means union or connection and cohesive devices are words or phrases that bind or connect ideas together. They help the writer and reader move from one set of ideas to the next. Cohesive devices include pronouns as well as other parts of speech and they are important for many question types referent inference rhetorical structure coherence and paraphrasing questions. The following chart reviews the basic cohesive devices in a reading passage and a lecture . The sample referent question above involves a transitional adverb however. which indicates contrast or opposition. Therefore the referent is involved in a contradiction or refutation of an earlier statement. Cohesive Device Example cohesive device in italics Pronouns personal demonstrative relative etc See above for a LI discussion of pronouns. Today s teachers ore faced with a stork choice. They must decide whether to teach m a way that heJps students poss standardized exams or teach in way ti ar .
