For that reason, a Speaking Section has been added and the Writing Section has been expanded. Specifically, the TOEFL iBT differs from the previous version in the following ways. There is a new Speaking Section rhat tests your ability to communicate orally. You record responses that are scored by raters at ETS. | Lesson 22 Summarizing Paraphrasing Citing and Synthesizing 613 Sample Synthesis and Citations According to the author we ve seen again and again that animal testing is useful. Louis Pasteur developed the germ theory a foundation of modern medicine by means of animal testing. Furthermore important drugs such as penicillin and insulin were discovered by doing research on animals. However the lecturer takes quite a different view of animal testing. The lecturer says that although some important drugs were first tested on animals she believes it is possible that these drugs would have been developed anyway. She goes on to say that other useful drugs such as aspirin and quinine did NOT depend on animal research. Moreover if some drugs had first been tested on certain animals they probably would never have been approved for humans. Consider morphine for example. According to the lecturer morphine is a pain-killer for humans but it has the opposite effect on cats. Notice that the writer of this sample cites information from both the passage and the lecture. The writer also uses an appropriate transition to contrast the information from the passage and the lecture However the lecturer takes quite a different view. . Exercise Focus Summarizing and paraphrasing key points from passages and lectures. Directions First read the points taken from the reading passage and take notes. Then listen to the corresponding point given in a lecture and take notes. Use your notes to summarize and paraphrase the information that you read and hear. The first one is done for you as an example. Task 1 Asteroids pose a great danger to every human on Earth. It was almost certainly an asteroid crashing into the earth that made the dinosaurs extinct. There have been several near-misses in recent years. Right now there are only a few programs designed to detect potentially dangerous asteroids and they are almost all in the northern hemisphere. Therefore we need a huge international program to
