Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 46', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 308 5. The absolute use of the present perfect X. Summary The semantics of the present perfect its core meaning is The situation time is contained in the pre-present zone of the present time-sphere . This means that the situation time is contained in a period leading up to but not including t0 in terms of either inclusion or coincidence. The length of the period conceptualized as constituting the pre-present depends on contextual factors including temporal adverbials but is always the shortest time required to make sense of the clause concerned in context. There are two semantic types of present perfect its tense interpretations T-interpretations which arise because of the two possible ways in which a situation time can be contained in a period namely by inclusion or by coincidence. One T-interpretation arises when the situation time is included in the pre-present and does not include the terminal point of the pre-present. That is the time of the predicated situation is seen as finishing some time before t0. Thus although the situation is located in the present time-sphere it is seen as temporally cut off from t0. The other T-interpretation arises when the situation time is co-extensive with the pre-present. That is the predicated situation is seen as taking place over an interval that occupies the whole of the pre-present period and reaches right up to but does not include t0. These two semantic types of the present perfect are called respectively the before now T-interpretation and the co-extensive T-interpretation. Depending firstly on the T-interpretation that a present perfect receives and then on many other contextual and pragmatic factors there are three different ways in which the relation between the time of the full situation and the pre-present period can be interpreted. The time of the full situation may be included in the pre-present and lie wholly before t0 the indefinite W-reading it may extend throughout the pre-present and also
