Resizing The Organization 22. This book seeks to provide executives with useful insights, tools, guidelines, principles, and lessons learned about organizational transition and change. | Impact of Layoffs on Family Friendship and Community Networks 191 Table . Consequence of Layoffs to Outsiders. Consequences For spouses Deterioration of marriage for example divorce separation Decreases in standard of living for example loss in income decreases in spending Changes in labor force participation for example start work increase work hours Geographical mobility for example to find new job or cheaper community For children Difficulty concentrating in school and lower academic performance Exposure to negative information about work and a decreased work ethic Increased social problems with peers for example hostility and withdrawal Decreases in economic well-being for example increased work hours decreased college attendance For friends Negative changes in affect and mood of the relationship Decreased financial resources with which to pursue leisure activities Decreased contact and intimacy of friendships For communities increases in local unemployment rates Loss of community tax revenues Declines in real estate values Decreases in corporate citizenship behavior 192 Resizing the Organization current wages of the other spouse and current savings loss of work can mean depletion of savings and dramatic decreases in the standard of living. Particularly when layoffs are widespread in a community layoffs can lead to bankruptcy home foreclosures and tremendous scaling back of expenditures. Although the most dramatic of these negative consequences bankruptcy and home foreclosure typically occur in less than 10 percent of households that figure is not negligible Leana Feldman 1992 . Not surprisingly the layoff of one partner increases the need for the other spouse to start working work longer hours or take on a second job. Particularly if the laid-off spouse is the major breadwinner the other spouse may have to increase his or her labor force participation to make ends meet Hochschild 1989 1997 . Although the increases in spouses labor force participation rates
