Tham khảo tài liệu 'longman grammar of spoken and written english part 78', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Performance phenomena dysfluency and error 1057 The figures in Table are taken from the AmE conversation section of the LSWE Corpus. The comparable BrE conversation section of million words was used alongside the AmE corpus in most other counts in this chapter. The right-hand column shows for comparison the proportional occurrence of filled pauses represented by just the one hesitator uh for the purposes of this comparison. Table Percentage frequency of involuntary repeats for some common English words in particular word classes AmE conversation each represents approximately word tokens in a repeat tokens with filled pause uh personal pronouns nominative they he she we personal pronouns nominative and accusative it you personal pronouns accusative him - me - them - - US - - possessive determiners our their my your articles the a an conjunctions if and when because prepositions with at for of Q 1058 THE GRAMMAR OF CONVERSATION Table Continued word tokens in a repeat tokens with filled pause uh verbs is was were would can says said Among personal pronouns nominative pronouns such as 1 show the strongest tendency to recur in repeats whereas accusative pronouns almost never recur. Possessive determiners resemble the definite article the in showing a fairly strong tendency to be repeated. These words all introduce definite noun phrases. Conjunctions vary but on the whole they show a strong tendency to form repeats. Prepositions on the other hand show a weaker tendency to be repeated. Apart from is the verbs investigated show an extremely weak tendency to be repeated. Repeats and filled pauses as hesitation phenomena show parallel tendencies to cooccur with certain word classes. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Perhaps the most remarkable contrast in our results is between nominative and accusative personal pronouns. Nominative pronouns such as I she and we occur almost invariably at the beginning of a clause often at the beginning of
