Tham khảo tài liệu 'longman grammar of spoken and written english part 81', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | The cortstructipnal principles of spoken grammar 1099 towards the casualization of everyday speech in both AmE and BrE cf. the use of first-name terms among vocatives . It is tempting to see cultural differences behind the AmE speakers greater use of expressions of thanks thank you especially and BrE speakers greater use of negative or redressive politeness in the use of sorry and please. Syntactic non-clausal units Syntactic non-clausal units differ from inserts in that they can be given a syntactic description in terms of the structures and categories of sentence grammar. These units are often classifiable according to standard phrase categories such as noun phrases poor kids no sweat adjective phrases perfect good for you adverb phrases not really absolutely or prepositional phrases for goodness sake . On the other hand they are often phrases augmented by inserts or other syntactically peripheral elements such as vocatives oh shame ah you cunt this way please good play there dude which help to underline their discourse roles . as exclamations or as directives. Others have the form of unembedded dependent clauses . not to worry is a negative infinitive clause . Looking at syntactic non-clausal units more carefully it is useful to note the varied functions they perform. In most cases the fragmentary nature of these units . the absence of a clausal unit structure reflects a dependence of the message on context explicable in general terms either by anaphoric or situational ellipsis. For example perfect could in principle be elaborated into that s perfect or absolutely into I agree with you absolutely but many such reconstructions have dubious linguistic motivation indeed in the above cases alternative verbalizations could be proposed . this is perfect- that s absolutely true . A number of functional categories can be usefully distinguished the most important is that of elliptic replies. Elliptic replies In the to-and fro of .
