Certainly, we have seen many changes in the TOEFL across the decades. Often Educa-tional Testing Service has revised the TOEFL in an effort to keep pace with changes in our ESL/EFL teaching paradigms, and occasionally the revisions in the TOEFL have produced changes in our teaching paradigms in something referred to as a washback effect | 12Û ACAÛÊMIC SKILLS 1. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian. Charlie Chaplin was best known for his work in silent movies who 2. Water is heated to 212 degrees F. Water becomes steam. when 3. Quasars are relatively small objects. Quasars emit an enormous amount of energy. which 4. The Earth moves into the shadow of the Moon. A total eclipse occurs. during 5. The Jamestown colony was founded by John Smith. Jamestown became the first successful English colony in America. -ed introductory verbal modifier 6. Many of the names of cities in California are adapted from the Spanish language. Early missionaries and settlers from Spain had extended their influence in the area since because because of 7. The oceans cover two thirds of the Earth s surface. The oceans are the object of study for oceanographers which 8. A chameleon is a tree iizard. The chameleon can change colors to conceal itself in vegetation. that 9. First cultural nationalism arose among people with similar languages and traditions. Then political nationalism threatened the existing order. before after 10. Empowerment increases the autonomy of employees in organizations. Empowerment improves communication between workers and management and moreover 11. Monogamy means being married to one spouse. Serial monogamy involves marriage divorce and remarriage whereas 12. Humor is associated with tun. Humor is also used as a coping strategy to relieve stress. but however Ophavsrelligl beskyllel mate riale SUMMARIZING 121 13. Solar panels can convert sunlight into electricity. Solar panels are still not being exploited fully atthough even though 14. The root system of the alfalfa plant allows it to survive. Drought conditions do not kill alfalfa. despite in spite of 15. Pain warns the victim before further damage is done. Pain has a positive function. therefore thus IDENTIFY THE MAIN POINTS Strategies to Use Find a topic sentence identify the major points Identify the minor points Find a topic sentence The topic answers .
