Tham khảo tài liệu 'grammar in use new part 39', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Unit 128 By We use by in many expressions to say how we do something. For example you can send something by post contact somebody by phone by email I by fax do something by hand pay by cheque by credit card Can I pay by credit card You can contact me by phone by fax or by email. But we say pay cash or pay in cash not by cash . We also say by mistake I by accident by chance We hadn t arranged to meet. We met by chance. But we say do something on purpose you mean to do it I didn t do it on purpose. It was an accident. Note that we say by chance by cheque etc. not by the chance by a cheque . In these expressions we use by noun without the or a. In the same way we use by . to say how somebody travels by car I by train by plane I by boat by ship by bus I by bike etc. by road I by rail by air by sea by underground Joanne usually goes to work by bus. Do you prefer to travel by air or by train But we say on foot Did you come here by car or on foot You cannot use by if you say my car I the train a taxi etc. We use by noun without a the my etc. We say by car but in my car not by my car by train but on the train not by the train We use in for cars and taxis They didn t come in their car. They came in a taxi. We use on for bicycles and public transport buses trains etc. We travelled on the train. We say that something is done by somebody something passive Have you ever been bitten by a dog The programme was watched by millions of people. Compare by and with The door must have been opened with a key. not by a key somebody used a key to open it The door must have been opened by somebody with a key. We say a play by Shakespeare a painting by Rembrandt a novel by Tolstoy etc. Have you read anything by Ernest Hemingway By also means beside Come and sit by me. beside me Where s the light switch By the door. Note the following use of by Clare s salary has just gone up from 2 000 a month to 2 200. So it has increased by 200 I by ten per cent. Carl and Mike had a race over 200 .
