english sound structure part 4. Bài tập luyện ngữ pháp tiếng anh cho mọi người, đây là tài liệu hay và hữu ích có thể giúp các bạn có thể nắm vững được các ngữ pháp tiếng anh cụ thể. | 30 Sounds and Words whereby this vowel has split into two main variants or reflexes one lax the other tense. Tensing is actually a cover-term for a range of developments common to all of which is an increase in duration. This is typically accompanied by one or more qualitative changes involving amongst other things the appearance of an off-glide backing to a or front-raising to ea ea or even In some dialects tensing has led to a full-blown split in the original short- category the tense reflex merging with back vowels from other historical sources such as that in calm palm . In this case the result is that a word such as gas with has a different vowel from say pass with a. In the type of dialect illustrated in the data below however the phonological contexts in which the tense and lax reflexes appear remain more or less complementary the distribution being determined largely by the nature of the following consonant. In its broadest outlines this pattern is widely represented in a range of dialects spoken in various parts of the eastern United States southern England Australia and Ireland although the precise class of tensing consonants varies from system to system. The particular pattern illustrated here is one that is common to metropolitan New York and reflex 1 lax bat back tap hatch 2 lax hang sang 3 tense bad lag dab badge 4 tense man ban damn lamb 5 tense laugh graph path pass class gas 6 lax ladder wagon dagger adder snake 7 lax manner panel panic damage 8 lax placid passage saffron 9 lax vanity sanity opacity classical graphic pallor 10 tense madder dragging baddie adder one who adds 11 tense manning damning lambing 12 tense passer laughing classy 13 tense lag effect gas emission lamb enclosure 14 tense ban it pass around bad adjustment V Tide-Tied One characteristic of Lowland Scots and Scottish English is a phenomenon known as Aitken s Law or the Scottish Vowel Length Rule according to which certain vowels show long and short reflexes
