The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 13. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 90 DAVID TUGGY Figure . A prototype in a schematic network relationships of full as opposed to partial schematicity. Figure exemplifies this sort of structure with P as prototype and S as highest-level By raising the threshold of salience in figure to such a degree that the schemas in dashed-line and thin-line boxes are ignored the structure in will result. This structure is essentially equivalent except for retaining the relatively salient schemas S1 and S4 and the elaborate structures h and i to the prototypebased radial category structures proposed by Lakoff and others Lakoff 1987 84 Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk this volume chapter 6 note the common use of diagrams such as the one in Aitchison 1990 54 . Categorization by schema and categorization by prototype are accordingly not incompatible but rather can be seen as different views of or readings off the same complex cognitive structures. Part of the nature of such structures as figure is the possibility of layers of categories the idea that higher-order categories and subcategories are natural in human cognition and thus in language. Positing a category which consists of S with its subcases does not preclude the existence or minimize the possible importance of such subcategories as S3 which in turn does not preclude or downgrade S1 or S2 which in their turn do not by their existence eliminate or denigrate a and P and so forth. Linguistic categories of all sorts whether those in speakers minds or in linguists will be represented under Cognitive Grammar in these ways. An obvious kind of example are the semantic poles of lexical items see note 11 where the complexity of the structure will be the record of the lexical item s polysemy. Other linguistic categories will also fit the model including syntactic categories with their subcategories and sub-subcategories functional categories of all sorts other semantically based categories besides the semantic poles of lexical items phonological
