The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 49. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 450 RONALD W. LANGACKER battery of conceptual tools potentially useful for translation and literary studies Tabakowska 1993 . For various reasons Cognitive Grammar does not readily lend itself to computer Still much can be learned from even partial attempts and consideration of why the problem is so difficult Holmqvist 1993 1999 . Cognitive Grammar does lend itself to investigating language in its social and historical context for it avoids the artificial disjunctures of synchrony versus diachrony and language structure versus language use section 2 . There have so far been few sociolinguistic studies specifically exploiting descriptive constructs of Cognitive Grammar Kemmer and Israel 1994 Backus 1996 see Langacker 2003b . By contrast diachronic issues figured prominently in the first publication on Cognitive Grammar Langacker 1981 and have continued to receive attention Langacker 1990b 1992a 1998 1999c Carey 1994 1996 Rubba 1994 Israel 1996b Doiz Bienzobas 1998 see also Bybee this volume chapter 36 . Grammaticalization has been a special focus and is likely to remain so in view of its central importance to semantics and grammar this volume chapters 10 36 . With respect to theory and description several major themes should be pivotal to Cognitive Grammar research in the coming years. The first is dynamicity pertaining to how a conceptualization unfolds through processing time section 3 . The linguistic effects of temporal sequencing are both pervasive and fundamental Langacker 1993c 1997b 2001a 2001b 2001d 2003c . They obtain in every dimension and at every level of organization from discourse to sublexical semantic If a linguistic model is to be psychologically realistic the inherent temporality of cognitive processing would seem to demand a dynamic account of language structure which in any case is strongly motivated on purely linguistic grounds. The second theme is fictivity. Even when discussing actual individuals and occurrences
