The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 54. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 500 WILLIAM CROFT and partially productive past-tense schema but the alleged source forms the presenttense forms are phonologically so varied that no single rule can systematically derive the past-tense forms from the present-tense forms. The existence of product-oriented schemas argues against rules linking one form to another and supports the view that schemas are formed as taxonomic hierarchies over semantically similar forms. Hypothesis 4 Strength of connection between word forms and thus forces influencing their phonological shape among other things is a function of similarity. Similarity is measurable by comparing words to each other in both meaning and form similarity in meaning is much stronger than similarity in form. It was noted in section 4 that the taxonomic hierarchy is really a taxonomic web a construction has multiple parents. The taxonomic web would be a far more complex organization of constructions than a taxonomic hierarchy. While one cannot deny the existence of the taxonomic web it is certainly the case in morphology at least that some word forms are closer to each other than to other related word forms this is the basis for the intuitive organization of forms into paradigms in traditional morphology. Bybee 1985 argues that the principle governing closeness is essentially semantic similarity although formal similarity also plays a reinforcing role. More often one finds analogical reformation of a paradigm so as to bring formal similarity into line with semantic similarity . paradigmatic iconicity Croft 2003 . In principle all four hypotheses should be supported in syntax as well as morphology if the construction grammar model is valid. Research on the usagebased model in syntax has only begun at this point although there is significant research in language acquisition and language change in the usage-based model as will be seen below see also Bybee this volume chapter 36 Tomasello this volume chapter 41 . Bybee and Thompson 1997 present .
