Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P3: One of the great protocols that has been inherited from the Internet is TCP/IP and this is being used as the open standard today for all network and communications systems. The reasons for this popularity are not hard to find. | 2 Practical TCP IP and Ethernet Networking signals within storage elements a high level could represent a 1 and a low-level represent a 0 . Alternatively the data may be represented by the presence or absence of light in an optical fiber cable. Transmitters receivers and communication channels A communications process requires the following components A source of the information A transmitter to convert the information into data signals compatible with the communications channel A communications channel A receiver to convert the data signals back into a form the destination can understand The destination of the information This process is shown in Figure . Figure Communications process The transmitter encodes the information into a suitable form to be transmitted over the communications channel. The communications channel moves this signal as electromagnetic energy from the source to one or more destination receivers. The channel may convert this energy from one form to another such as electrical to optical signals whilst maintaining the integrity of the information so the recipient can understand the message sent by the transmitter. For the communications to be successful the source and destination must use a mutually agreed method of conveying the data. The main factors to be considered are The form of signaling and the magnitude s of the signals to be used The type of communications link twisted pair coaxial optic fiber radio etc The arrangement of signals to form character codes from which the message can be constructed The methods of controlling the flow of data The procedures for detecting and correcting errors in the transmission The form of the physical connections is defined by interface standards some agreed coding is applied to the message and the rules controlling the data flow and detection and correction of errors are known as the protocol. Interfacestandards An interface standard defines the electrical and mechanical aspects of the .
