An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 26. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART TWO POWER AND ENGINEERING Although drawings may always have been few in number it must not be assumed that the knowledge passed slowly from one centre to another. It is well established that there was a great deal of movement of master masons about their own countries and also about Europe and it is likely that the knowledge of new methods of millwrighting was passed around in the same way. It is also true that the industrial development of monastic orders and in particular that of the Cistercians enabled processes to take place on several of their lands as industrially-minded monks would be moved about to take their technology to other sites. The working of iron and lead in the Furness district of Cumbria and the Yorkshire Dales respectively is an example of the great industrial development pursued by the Cistercians. These religious orders also crossed national boundaries quite easily and so the development would take place in related sites in other countries. In these countries the local landowners would also take pains to copy the latest monastic developments in machinery. In terms of the movement of technologists in Britain there is the example of the deliberate invitation of Queen Elizabeth I to the German miners of the Harz such as Daniel Hochstetter to start up the Cumbrian lead silver and copper mining industry in the Vale of Newlands with water-driven smelt mills at Brigham near Keswick. From that settlement further members of the German community moved to start smelt works in the Vale of Neath and Swansea in South Wales. The site at Aberdulais National Trust is one started by German mining engineers from Keswick in about 1570. The production of iron in England required furnaces which had water-powered bellows and hammers for the refining of the iron blooms produced by the furnaces see Chapter 2 . The large number of hammer ponds in the Weald of Kent and Sussex give an indication of the scale of water power required in mediaeval England to produce .
