An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 27. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART TWO POWER AND ENGINEERING the sole the air was forced out of the bucket and the water filled it properly. Fairbairn was also responsible for the introduction of a workable system of governors to control the flow of water through the hatches and on to the waterwheel and by using a shaped series of slots in the hatch a smoother flow of water was delivered to the buckets. William Fairbairn was knighted for his engineering work and was recognized for his scientific approach to structures by being elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His book Treatise on Mills and Millwork first published in 1863 became the classic text-book in Britain on the construction of these modern waterwheels. On the continent of Europe Armengaud the elder published his Moteurs Hydrauliques in 1869 Heinrich Henne his Die Wasserräder und Turbinen in 1899 and Willhelm Müller his Die eisernen Wasserräder in 1899 while in the United States Practical Hints on Mill Building by James Abernathy published in 1880 was of great importance. By 1900 the emphasis on water power was switching from large efficient waterwheels to the smaller and even more efficient water turbine. WATER TURBINES In France the design of waterwheels had been given considerable attention at the beginning of the nineteenth century but there was always a search for greater had taken the old form of vertical undershot waterwheel which had straight blades or floats made of wood and set radially and by curving the blades and constructing them of metal had produced much greater efficiency. By using tight-fitting masonry walls and floors in the wheel pits he ensured that all the water would be swept into the space between the blades. He used formulae to determine the size of the floats in relation to the wheel and the water flow. A further vital point particularly with an undershot wheel was that the water flowing out of the floats fell clear of the wheel so that it did not run in tail water. This interest in
