An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 77. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART FOUR COMMUNICATION AND CALCULATION exhibited the device in 1893-4 but thought of it as a mere novelty and failed to patent it in England. However his choice of film width 35mm and perforation design have become standard for normal-width motion pictures down to the present time. Robert Paul finding the kinetoscope unpatented in Britain copied the device and sold several to Charles Pathé in France. Edison realizing his mistake refused to allow Paul to use his films stimulating Paul to build his own camera. Paul also constructed a projector with a Maltese-cross intermittent-motion system the French astronomer had used a revolver camera with a Maltese cross to photograph the transit of Venus in 1874 . However credit for the first successful motion-picture projection system is usually given to the brothers August and Louis Lumière of Lyons who in 1895 designed a combined camera and projector to which they gave the name cinematographe. They used the same size film as Edison but with only one round perforation at the margin of each picture instead of the four square ones used by Edison. They also were the first to give an exhibition for which the public had to pay admission in 1895. In 1896 Lumière films were projected in London by the magician Trewey who was soon giving regular cinema shows the films were only about 15m long 49ft so frequent reel changes were necessary. In 1897 Pathé separated the cinématographe into two distinct parts camera and projector. The Lumières were quick to capitalize on this new entertainment medium buying up film manufacturers in France and creating production units in the United States and in Russia. Edison reluctantly abandoning his kinetoscope was persuaded by his distributors to buy the rights to a projector so his films could be shown before an audience and not just remain a curiosity the peep-show . Edison then threw his great organizational talents into the battle and his company made 1700 movies. He also built the .
