An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology part 86. This one of a kind encyclopedia presents the entire field of technology from rudimentary agricultural tools to communication satellites in this first of its kind reference source. Following an introduction that discusses basic tools, devices, and mechanisms, the chapters are grouped into five parts that provide detailed information on materials, power and engineering, transportation, communication and calculation, and technology and society, revealing how different technologies have together evolved to produce enormous changes in the course of history | PART FIVE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Through the success of the first mill at Cromford Arkwright built others in the area and later helped to finance mills in other parts of the country. One for example was at New Lanark in Scotland which he founded in 1784 with David Dale as his partner. Robert Owen became the manager at New Lanark in 1799 and carried out his social experiments there in the following years. Arkwright died in 1792 a very wealthy man one of the few textile inventors to do so. His example was copied by many others and textile mills began to spring up all over the country ushering in the first phase of the Industrial Revolution. The spinning mule To explain the last great spinning invention of the Industrial Revolution period it is necessary to go back to 1779 when Samuel Crompton revealed his spinning mule to the public in Bolton Lancashire. Crompton a weaver by trade wanted to produce a better yarn than he could on thejenny see p. 825 and started work on his mule in about 1772. He combined the principles of the jenny and the waterframe by placing his spindles on a carriage which moved away from the drawing rollers mounted on a frame at the back. To commence spinning the rollers were put in gear to draw and pay out the cotton at the same time as the plain spindles were rotated to put in twist while the carriage was moving out. No yarn was wound on at this stage so the cotton was suspended between the nip of the rollers and the tips of the spindles. The cotton was only lightly twisted to give it enough strength to stop it breaking. The rollers stopped paying out the cotton before the carriage reached the full extent of the draw so the yarn was stretched on the last part of the draw helping to even it out. Then twist was put in to lock the fibres together. Hence the mule combined the ease of drawing out the cotton in Arkwright s rollers with the gentleness and quality found through the stretching action and spinning on bare spindles. Very soon Crompton was
