Encyclopedia of Global Resources part 67 provides a wide variety of perspectives on both traditional and more recent views of Earth's resources. It serves as a bridge connecting the domains of resource exploitation, environmentalism, geology, and biology, and it explains their interrelationships in terms that students and other nonspecialists can understand. The articles in this set are extremely diverse, with articles covering soil, fisheries, forests, aluminum, the Industrial Revolution, the . Department of the Interior, the hydrologic cycle, glass, and placer mineral deposits. . | 608 Indonesia Global Resources ping a necessity for the development of Indonesia s export markets. Petroleum Before Indonesia s independence after World War II Royal Dutch Shell dominated oil production in the country with concessions on the three main islands of Java Sumatra and Kalimantan then Borneo . Initial involvement of other foreign firms most notably Caltex and Texaco led to discovery of the Duri and Minas fields in Riau Province in Sumatra just before World War II. These fields became the most active areas of oil production in Indonesia in the postcolonial era representing nearly one-half of the total production by the early 1960 s. By the late 1960 s the Indonesian government had begun exercising stringent control over concessions undertaking production and marketing of Indonesian oil. The National Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company also known as Pertamina whose official name and bylaws would be altered several times into the twenty-first centur y brought two earlier governmental entities under one roof and introduced profitsharing arrangements with foreign contractors that were advantageous for Indonesian interests. Perta-mina s operations came to involve processing and marketing of a variety of petroleum products including various petrochemicals. Boom conditions in the 1970 s combined with peak production of more than 600 million barrels in 1977 seemed to promise continuation of these advantages. Prices reached thirty-five dollars per barrel and brought in about 15 billion annually by 1981. However changing conditions after the 1980 s had negative effects on Indonesia s oil sector. Price drops to as low as ten dollars per barrel followed by partial recoveries seem to have induced Pertamina to push for maximum some say wasteful production keeping output near 500 million barrels even though total revenue intake fell to one-half of earlier figures. Attempts to keep the oil sector healthy seem to have only partially succeeded. Loosening contractual terms .
