Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking- P38: The transmitter encodes the information into a suitable form to be transmitted over the communications channel. The communications channel moves this signal as electromagnetic energy from the source to one or more destination receivers. The channel may convert this energy from one form to another, such as electrical to optical signals, whilst maintaining the integrity of the information so the recipient can understand the message sent by the transmitter | TCP IPutilities 167 NETSTAT This is used for obtaining protocol statistics and current active connections utilizing TCP IP. Nowadays there are many Windows-based utilities that can do much more yet in an emergency netstat is certainly better than nothing at all. Here follows the netstat options. C netstat Displays protocol statistics and current TCP IP network connections. NETSTAT -a -e -n -s -p proto -r interval -a Displays all connections and listening ports. -e Displays Ethernet statistics. This may be combined with the -s option. -n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form. -p proto Shows connections for the protocol specified by proto proto may be TCP or UDP. If used with the -s option to display per-protocol statistics proto may be TCP UDP or IP. -r Displays the routing table. -s Displays per-protocol statistics. By default statistics are shown for TCP UDP and IP the -p option may be used to specify a subset of the default. interval Re-displays selected statistics pausing interval seconds between each display. Press CTRL C to stop re-displaying statistics. If omitted netstat will print the current configuration information once. C In response to the netstat -e command the following packet and protocol statistics are displayed. This is a summary of events on the network since the last re-boot. C netstat -e Interface Statistics Received Sent Bytes 2442301 1000682 Unicast packets 4769 3776 Non-unicast packets 113 4566 Discards 0 0 Errors 0 0 Unknown protocols 19 C NBTSTAT This provides protocol statistics and current TCP IP connections using NBT NetBIOS over TCP IP . This is relevant with Windows 95 98 etc which uses NetBIOS for the upper layers of the OSI model. C nbtstat Displays protocol statistics and current TCP IP connections using NBT NetBIOS over TCP IP . NBTSTAT -a RemoteName -A IP address -c -n -r -R -s S interval -a adapter status Lists the remote machine s name table .
