Tham khảo tài liệu 'hacker professional ebook part 164', công nghệ thông tin, kỹ thuật lập trình phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | When a process is non-ergodic the measurements we take over time from one or a few sequences may not represent all the sequences which may be encountered. Extractor In a cryptographic context an extractor is a mechanism which produces the inverse effect of a combiner. This allows data to be enciphered in a combiner and then deciphered in an extractor. Sometimes an extractor is exactly the same as the combiner as is the case for exclusive-OR. Exclusive-OR A Boolean logic function which is also mod 2 addition. Also called XOR. Factorial The factorial of natural number n written n is the product of all integers from 1 to n. See the factorials section of the Ciphers By Ritter JavaScript computation pages. Fallacy In the philosophical study of logic apparently-reasonable arguments which lead to false conclusions. Also see inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Including A. Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence 1. Accident -- a special circumstance makes a rule inapplicable 2. Hasty Generalization 3. non causa pro causa False Cause post hoc ergo propter hoc after this therefore because of this reductio ad absurdum -- the assumption that a particular one of multiple assumptions is necessarily false if the argument leads to a contradiction. 4. ad ignorantium Appeal to Ignorance -- a belief which is assumed true because it is not proven false. 5. Card Stacking -- a deliberate withholding of evidence which does not support the author s conclusions. B. Fallacies of Irrelevance ignoratio elenchi -- ignoring the question 1. ad hominem Name Calling . 2. adpopulum Plain Folks -- an appeal to the prejudices and biases of the audience. 3. ad misericordiam Appeal to Pity 4. ad verecundiam Inappropriate Authority -- a testimonial from someone with expertise in a different field. 5. tu quoque You Did It Too . 6. ad baculum Appeal to force -- . threats. 7. Red Herring -- information used to throw the discussion off track. 8. Opposition Guilt by Association -- to condemn an idea .
