Ebook giới thiệu các công cụ và đồ nghề cần thiết cho việc Hack-Security. Ebook gồm có 1177 bài viết trong 28 chủ đề chính Phần 17: 10 part gồm Tools and toys for Hacking. | the monographic transformations had multiple or homophonic alternatives for frequently-used letters. Generally smaller than a codebook due to the use of the syllables instead of a comprehensive list of phrases. A sort of early manual cipher with some characteristics of a code that operated like a codebook. Nominal In statistics measurements which are in categories or bins. Also see ordinal and interval. Nonlinearity The extent to which a function is not linear. See Boolean function nonlinearity. NOT A Boolean logic function which is the complement or the mod 2 addition of 1. Null Hypothesis In statistics the particular statement or hypothesis H0 which is accepted unless a statistic testing that hypothesis produces evidence to the contrary. Normally the null hypothesis is accepted when the associated statistical test indicates nothing unusual found. The logically contrary alternative hypothesis H1 is sometimes formulated with the specific hope that something unusual will be found but this can be very tricky to get right. Many statistical tests such as goodness-of-fit tests can only indicate whether something matches what we expect or does not. But any number of things can cause a mismatch including a fundamentally flawed experiment. A simple mismatch does not normally imply the presence of a particular quality. Even in the best possible situation random sampling will produce a range or distribution of test statistic values. Often even the worst possible statistic value can be produced by an unlucky sampling of the best possible data. It is thus important to know what distribution to expect because of the sampling alone so if we find a different distribution that will be evidence supporting the alternative hypothesis H1. If we collect enough statistic values we should see them occur in the ideal distribution for that particular statistic. So if we call the upper 5 percent of the distribution failure this is the significance level we not only expect but in fact .
