Density and hardness of negative pastes of lead–acid batteries containing organic additives with or without quinone structure

Density and hardness of the negative pastes of lead–acid batteries, to which organic compounds with or without quinone structures have been added, are investigated by means of the stick insertion depth test. | ELSEVIER Available online at ScienceDirect Journal of Power Sources 158 2006 1106-1109 Density and hardness of negative pastes of lead-acid batteries containing organic additives with or without quinone structure N. Hiraia T. Tanakaa S. Kubob T. Ikedab K. Magarab I. Banc M. Shiotac a Department of Material and Manufacturing Science Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan b Department of Chemical Utilization Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan c R D Department Technical Development Center GS Yuasa Manufacturing Ltd. 1 Inobanba-cho Nishinosho Kisshoin Minami-ku Kyoto 601-8520 Japan Received 11 October 2005 accepted 1 February 2006 Available online 31 March 2006 Abstract Density and hardness of the negative pastes of lead-acid batteries to which organic compounds with or without quinone structures have been added are investigated by means of the stick insertion depth test. Results show that the density and hardness of a paste containing anthraquinone are almost the same as one containing anthracene. By contrast the two parameters are very different for pastes containing 1 2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt and 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt. Commercial lignin derivatives Vanillex N Vanisperse A Indulin AT which are used as additives for negative plates in lead-acid batteries are also investigated by means of ultraviolet UV spectroscopy. It is found that these lignin derivatives contain quinone structures. 2006 Elsevier . All rights reserved. Keywords Lead-acid battery Organic expander Quinone structure Density and hardness of the negative paste Stick insertion depth test Ultraviolet spectra 1. Introduction Lignin derivatives are typical additives for the negative activematerial of lead-acid batteries. They affect the fluidity and plasticity of the negative paste the ratio of different types of lead sulfate crystals .