Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level Boron No biologic Developmental defects, male 20 mg/d function determined sterility, (extrapolated from data) animal testicular atrophy Calcium Reduced bone Renal insufficiency (milk-alkalai syndrome), mg/d 2500 (milk- Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper (Dietary) Intake Level mass, osteoporosis nephrolithiasis, iron absorption impaired alkalai) Copper Anemia, growth retardation, keratinization Nausea, vomiting, 10 mg/d defective diarrhea, hepatic failure, (liver toxicity) and tremor, mental hemolytic pigmentation of hair, deterioration, hypothermia, degenerative changes in aortic osteopenia, deterioration elastin, mental anemia, renal dysfunction Chromium Impaired glucose tolerance . | Chapter 071. Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess Part 2 Table 71-2 Deficiencies and Toxicities of Metals Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper Dietary Intake Level Boron No biologic function determined Developmental defects male sterility testicular atrophy 20 mg d extrapolated from animal data Calcium Reduced bone Renal insufficiency milk-alkalai syndrome 2500 mg d milk- Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper Dietary Intake Level mass osteoporosis nephrolithiasis impaired iron absorption alkalai Copper Anemia growth retardation defective keratinization and pigmentation of hair hypothermia degenerative changes in aortic elastin osteopenia mental deterioration Nausea vomiting diarrhea hepatic failure tremor mental deterioration hemolytic anemia renal dysfunction 10 mg d liver toxicity Chromium Impaired glucose tolerance Occupational renal failure dermatitis pulmonary cancer ND Element Deficiency Toxicity Tolerable Upper Dietary Intake Level Fluoride Dental caries Dental and skeletal fluorosis osteosclerosis 10 mg d fluorosis Iodine Thyroid enlargement T4 cretinism Thyroid dysfunction acne-like eruptions 1100 ug d thyroid dysfunction Iron Muscle abnormalities kilonychia pica anemia work performance impaired cognitive development premature labor perinatal maternal Gastrointestinal effects nausea vomiting diarrhea constipation iron overload with organ damage acute systemic toxicity 45 mg d of elemental iron GI side effects
