Công ước sẽ có hiệu lực, trong trường hợp các quốc gia đã tham gia đã tham gia vào đợt đầu gửi lưu giữ văn bản phê chuẩn, sau một năm sau ngày ký biên bản ghi nhớ việc gửi lưu giữ này. Ðối với các quốc gia phê chuẩn tiếp sau hoặc tuyên bố tham gia và cả trong những trường hợp Công ước có hiệu lực sau đó theo Ðiều 13 thì Công ước sẽ có hiệu lực sau 6 tháng kể từ khi các văn bản thông báo quy định ở đoạn 2 Ðiều 11 và đoạn 2 Ðiều 12 được Chính phủ nước Bỉ tiếp nhận. | Do Minimum Wages Really Reduce Teen Employment Accounting for Heterogeneity and Selectivity in State Panel Data SYLVIA A. ALLEGRETTO ARINDRAJIT DUBE and MICHAEL REICH Traditional estimates that often find minimum wage disemployment effects include controls for state unemployment rates and state- and year-fixed effects. Using CPS data on teens for the period 1990-2009 we show that such estimates fail to account for heterogeneous employment patterns that are correlated with selectivity among states with minimum wages. As a result the estimates are often biased and not robust to the source of identifying variation. Including controls for long-term growth differences among states and for heterogeneous economic shocks renders the employment and hours elasticities indistinguishable from zero and rules out any but very small disemployment effects. Dynamic evidence further shows the nature of bias in traditional estimates and it also rules out all but very small negative long-run effects. In addition we do not find evidence that employment effects vary in different parts of the business cycle. We also consider predictable versus unpredictable changes in the minimum wage by looking at the effects of state indexation of the minimum wage. Introduction The employment level of teens has fallen precipitously in the 2000S coinciding with the growth of state and federal minimum wages. But are the two causally related Previous research on the effects of minimum wage policies on teen employment has produced conflicting findings. One set of results statistically significant disemployment effects with employment elasticities in the old consensus range of to is associated with studies that focus on teens and that use national-level household data usually the Current The authors affiliations are respectively Institute for Research on Labor and Employment University of California at Berkeley. E-mail allegretto@ Department of Economics University of Massachusetts. .
