Tham khảo tài liệu 'sound patterns of spoken english phần 7', ngoại ngữ, kỹ năng nghe tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Experimental Studies in Casual Speech 91 While this is an attractive model it is very difficult to apply in a deterministic fashion since our knowledge of the contribution of the many variables to the articulation of each utterance is slight. At present it could be thought of as a qualitative rather than a quantitative model. 2 Fowler s gestural model 1985 is designed to explain both speech production and perception. It postulates that speech is composed of gestures and complexes of gestures. The limits of these are set by the nature of the vocal tract and the human perceptual system but there is room within these limits for variation across languages. Many languages could have a voiceless velar stop gesture for example but the relationship among tongue movement velum movement and laryngeal activity can differ from language to language. These differences can in turn account for differences in coarticulation across languages. Fowler suggests that language is both produced and perceived in terms of these gestures. Consequently there is no need for a special mapping of speech onto abstract language units such as distinctive features speech is perceived directly. As mentioned in chapter 3 in our discussion of Browman and Goldstein who have a similar approach though they regard it as phonological rather than or as well as phonetic gestures can differ only in amplitude and in the amount with which they overlap with neighbouring gestures. It is thus assumed that all connected speech phenomena are explicable in terms of these two devices and is presumably further assumed that perception of conversational speech does not differ significantly from perception of careful or formal speech since the same gestures are used in each case. The word A very popular psycholinguistic model or family of models of speech perception Marslen-Wilson and Welsh 1978 Cole and Jakimik 1978 Cutler and Norris 1988 Norris 1994 assumes that the word is the basic unit of perception and that the .
