Tham khảo tài liệu 'objects of metaphor phần 3', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 56 Object and Word some relevant object. The basic combination can then be seen as the result of putting together the very different Ref and the Pred linkages. Thus the expression Socrates takes us to a particular person and the expression is bald brings information to bear on this very same particular. When Ref and Pred are co-ordinated in this way the result is the structurally primitive thought that Socrates is bald. Clearly there is a lot more to be said about the Pred task but not quite yet. What I should like to do first is to outline several substantial reasons for regarding Figure as an improvement on Figure . Top of the list is the fact that predication is portrayed as fully on a par with reference. I used the label Pred to avoid the suggestion that comes with predication namely that it is an essentially word-involving task. As displayed Pred is a task that while it happens to be fulfilled by certain expressions full-blooded predicate terms could nonetheless be fulfilled like reference without calling on words. We have wordless reference when someone uses a salt cellar on the dining table in telling a story and what Figure allows is that Pred similarly might be fulfilled wordlessly. I would have said that Figure allows a place for wordless predicates but this just sounds incoherent. That is why I have had to disguise predication as Pred and having seen the need to do so why I had in fairness to disguise reference even though there is no whiff of incoherence in the expression wordless reference .4 Consider next an obvious difference between the figures that has not so far been mentioned. Figure contains a structure something at the level of ontology O which grounds the basic combination. In effect the basic combination is treated as a device at level L that expresses the level O exemplification of a concept by a particular. But there is nothing in Figure at the level O which matches this there being at that level only spatio-temporal
